Engine



April 16, 1940 y D. J. CAMPBELL 2,196,980

ENGINE Filed Feb. 10, 1958 6 Sheets-Sheet 1 D. CAMPBELL ENGINE FiledFeb. 10. 1938 6 sheets-sheet 2 April 16, 1940.

D. J. CAMPBELL ENGINE File'd Feb 10. 1938 6 Sheets-Sheet 3 ENGINE FiledFeb. 10. 1938 e 'sheets-Sheet 4 du. y W WM., a .ZK @J I f a y 4 a ,E fwM 9 ww@ ,w

April-16, 1940- D. J. CAMPBELL 2,196,980

ENGINE AFiled Feb. 1o, 1938 e sheets-sheet e i filage @I2 i le i gaffe/5inder.

Patented Apr. y1940 a y ENGINE DonaldlCampbell, Muskegon Heights,Michl,v

assigner of. onehalf to James F. Campbell, .f Muskegon, Mich., andVone-fourth to .Islay Investment, Incorporated, -Muskegom Mich. yyAmmaniti; .February 1o, 193s, serial No. maize4 A1s claims', (C1.60;14) y My invention relates to improvements in engines particularly'ofl the combined internal comy V bustion and steam-type wherein theheat developed in the .internal,combustionl engine cylinder is used togenerate steam, which steam is used as motive power in the steam enginecyl- Suchfdevi'ce's of this general categoryas have beenheretoforesuggested'are complicated and lead to diiculties irioperation,manipulation and control. Myinvention contemplates such an enginewherein all that the operator has to do is to start the engine by alstarter inthe usual way by hand or electric current `or the like and tothereafter control the enginey by manipulation of the `fuel supply I tovthe internal combustion engine cylinder wherein the steam engine willso to speak oat on `the'line, rbeautomatically'controlled to I25 i ,whenthat is 'appropriate and to getvit out of the response to therequirements of operation;

In order ythat this may be possible, it is necessaryv that theenginebeso'made that it can operate as an internal combustionen'gine alone, ,thesteamsystern remainingin effect idle.

Automatic means'are provided to bring lth steam engine lpart of thesystem into operation operation when that is necessary.

' The steam is generated in what would other# wisebethe watercooling"system of the'internal combustion 'engine cylinder and as .soon as atemperature vin thissystem 'reaches' the'point Vat exceeds apredetermined point.' .At that ltime water introduction is stoppeduntil'the pressure falls belowltherequired pointwhere water will againbeintrodu'ced,v In dealing with a vaporiz- "ingthe engine from coldofcourse it will ati'irst'vv able iluid like steam, water pressure andtemperature are interchangeablefunctions. Start# be undesirable tointroduce water linto the vapor-` izing system becausel itrmight finditsWay as Water intothe steam vcylnderand cause damage.v

Thereforeuntil thetemperature has reached a predeterrriinedy point yinthe vaporizing control v system, a temperature responsive control valveseals the water intaketo the pump and the pump operateswithoutinjecti'on ofwater. As soon as a the'temperature reaches a pointwhere steam can be generated,` this valve-'is opened'and.- the pumpsigned tobe approximately thatrequired to fur-` a nish the vamountof'water that can` be vaporized by the engine and such water as furnished,ashes y intor steam and isfdistributed'into th'e'steam en gine cylinder.resultingr from excess' of temperature, the 'water will vbe4temporarily.- discontinued until pressure also to providemeanswherebythe,` exhaust valve of thev steam `engine cylinderwillfbe.held open until steam is supplied so thatgt-here will be a minimumof:resistance to engine rotation caused by the idling steamengine'cylinder. Reference is here made to my depending application ofeven date herewith, lSerial Numbery 189,727;y Y .m r

I It Awill be understood, of course, that while I have'referred to waterandsteam, any Vaporizable liquid might be used though water being safeand 'easily available, is probably under 'most circumstances the mostsatisfactory'liquid for the' generationof motive fluid. l y' -v My'invention is illustrated more or le s`s`"diagrammatically in the'accompanying.drawings,

, -1 'Figuregl is a side elevationfof an engine lembodying my invention;4

v Figure 2 is a fragmentary side elevation inpart sectionwith partsomitted on'a larger scale similar-to Figure 1; 1

Figure 3 is a section on anenlarged scale along the line3-3 of Figure 2;f

Figure 4 is a fragmentary section along the jv.

line 4 4 of Figure2;tA 4

Figure 5'is a detail section along the line 5-5 ofFigurei; f K

VvFigure 6 is a "section along theline `6`6 of Figure-2;' g y l 'Y 'fFigure `'I isa sectionl` lthrough the waterpum'p and control valve; v 40YFigure 8 is avs'ectiori along the line 8-8 of n f :Figure 9 is a detailinv'part sectionofl one of the* `-Likev parts are 'indicated by likelcharacters a "Y throughout the specicationl and drawings. gl is acylinder block; 2 a crank case; 3 a cyl-j If there is an excessoipressure g the barrel 58.

inder head; 4 a distribution valve housing; 5 a y Wheel housing; 6 aradiator; 1 the timing gear housing;` 8 a generator housing; 9 theinternal combustion engine exhaust manifold; I the exhaust pipe; I I,I2, are vthe Waterpipes connecting the engine cylinder block I, with theradiator 6. I 3 is a crankshaft mounted in crank shaft bearings I4,carrying a fly Wheely l;with starter gears I6. The front end-of Ithecrank shaft carries a pinion I1, which drives a gear I8, which in turndrives a cam shaft i9. is the internal combustion engine cylinderconnecting rod; 2| a steam,

engine cylinder connecting rod. 22, is an internal combustion enginecylinder; 23 a 'steam en'- gine cylinder; 24, is an internal combustionengine piston; 25 isa steam engine piston.. It will be noted that theremay be a plurality of steam cylinders and a pluralityof internalcombustion engine cylinders and depending on the design, the number maybe the same or different as the case may be.

The cam shaft has a plurality of cams 26, which engage followers 21,guided in sleeves 28, valve rods 29, guided in sleeves access to theValve rods being obtained through the. removable cover 3l. vThese valverods terminate in adjustable heads. 32, adapted to engage Valve rockers33,v These rockers enclosed- Within the housing 4. may control steam orinternal combustion engine valves as the case maybe.` l

The cylinder block has disposed therein sur rounding the internalcombustion and vsteamengine cylinders a plurality of Water passages andreservoirs. 34, is a pre-heating reservoir immediately above thecrankcase to which Water is supplied from the radiator through the pipe I2,and the sleeve 35. This Water circulates and is Withdrawn by the pump36, driven by pulley 31, and belt 38, from the crank shaft, water beingdischarged to the radiator through the pipe II, the purpose of thisarrangement being to maintain a circulation of water through the system,the,-` temperature of which will be. maintained beloW the boiling pointby the radiator.

44, is a oat chamber associated with theradiator, containing a float 4I,a valve 42. Water is supplied to the valve 42 through a, pipe 43, fromcontrolled by the exhaust ,valves45, passy out through the, exhaustpassages 48, to the exhaust manifold 9. 49 is a Water injection pumpshown in detail in Figure 7. 58, is the pump shaft vdriven through auniversal coupling 5I, from the generator shaft 52; 53, is av pumpactuating cam on the shaft 50. It drives a cam followeror cross head5,4, reciprocating in the sleeve 55, the spring 56 tending to hold thecross head down against the cam. ,y 51, is a pump plunger reciprocatingin 59 is a springvpressed pump intake ball valve. 6I), is a Springpressed pump `exhaust ball valve.

the Water intake passage. The Water intake pas,- sage is controlled bya'needlevalve 63, slidable in a gland 64, and normally held oiffits seatby 6I, is the Water discharge passage, 62

the spring 55. Tension on this springer-nay be A' adjusted by rotatingthe nut 66. This adjustment may only be made when thetwo parts of thecon-,I j trol valve housing 61, 68, Whichl are normally 16 isy a-`joined by the bolts 69, are separated. Valve control diaphragmengagingthe curved faces 1I, ofthe cross head l12 on the end of the valve stem.`Pressure reaches this**diaphragm V through 'the steam pipe 13, so'thatwhen the steam pressure exceeds a predetermined point, the

continue to'reciprocate but will feedv no Water.

spring G5 Willbe overcome, the'valve Will seat and l funder thesecircumstances the pump plunger may Associated with the pre-heatingcirculation chamber 34 is an additional pre-heating chamber 14,connected by'means of ports` 15, `with the chamber 34. The' chamber 14surrounds all of the internal combustion engine cylinders but terminatesbelow the cylinder head. 16, is .a passage y leading from 'the vchamber14, to communicate with a pipe 11, controlled by a valve 19,'communicating with the pipe 62, so that the pump may draw pre-heatedWater from the engine cooling system. This Water is discharged throughthe pipe 6 I, to a heating chamber19, surrounding the zogf extreme upperend of` the'internalfcombustion engine cylinders. A passage 89, leadstherefrom, to a chamber 8|, in the cylinder head which sur` rounds theintake and exhaust valves and is in 30 in the upper end of each of theinternal combusf tion engine cylinders andspacedby'legs 35,v as

indicated, from the Walls of the cylinder blockk A and cylinder head.Ports 86, at the other end of each of these coils vcommunicatev With thechamber 81.' There is thus a series of passages between the chambers 8|andv 8.1 through each of the internal combustion engine cylinders.vThese coils 84, are preferably of copper or.r other metal which rapidlyconducts heat.

Pipes 88, lead from this k.chamber 81, to. coils' I 8S, in the exhaustmanifold. The opposed ends of these coils communicateby means of.passages` 9U', with chambers 9|, surrounding the upper ends ofthe steamengine cylinders. Passages 92,. lead from chamber 9| tothe balancedported cylindrical steam distribution Ivalve 93, Whichvalve controls thesupply of live steam to each of the two steam engine cylinders. y

Referring now to the control valve shown in Figures l0 andll, Whosepurpose is to insure ythat no Water reaches the pump until thetemperature n the system has reached a pointsuch'that the Water willbe-vaporized into steam. v94 is -a valve chamber.

Valve stem 96, and abutting against a plate 91.

housing 93,. In this thermostat cap isa bellows The valve .18, vin'thischamber is held normally on its seatjby'a spring95, encircling the' iThis plate is held against the exterior valve house' ving 98, by athermostat cap L99, threaded Ivin the type thermostatlll, abutting atone end on the w plate 91, at the other .end on afollower plate I0 I,

mounted on the Valve stem 96. 'This thermostat housing with the valve isthreaded im@ asocketff "f |02 communicating with the'steam chamber ,19,

through a port ID3. Until thetemperature inthe chamber 19 reachesthepoint at which steam will be vaporized, the Vspring holds'the valve.'l18 temperature reaches the point Where vaporization will take place,the thermostat` overcomes the spring, unseats the 'valve and water thenmay enter the fsteam generating system.

The pipe 'I3 communicating with the diaphragm Ill inthe pressure controlvalve communicatesV at the other end with ythe chamber 1B,

and,y so conductsr steam under pressure tothe diaphragm control valve.When the pressure of steamon its'way to the steam enginecylindersexceeds 'apredetermined`point, the valve 53, is closed, the' spring l2,being overcome by the steam pressure'and under these circumstances also,since this valve is on the suction side of the pump, the pump maycontinueV to function but willinject no .more waterinto the system untilthe excess steam' in the system has passed out through lthe steamintakevalve to the steam engine cylinders to bring the steam pressuredown to the desired point. y

During the time that the engineis functioning as an internal combustionengine exclusively Without help from the steam,'it is necessary that noresistance be built up in the steam engine cylinder. This isaccomplished vby providing means which automatically lock'the steamengine exhaust valve upon until steam is fed.k These` l tweenthe glandand the piston tending to keep it'seated. III) is a lever abuttingagainst the outer end of .the piston' rod lill., This lever is of. thislever IID, carries a socket I I3 in which is loosely socketed the endofthe push. rod H4, having an enlarged head I I5, engaged by a springIIS which tends to yieldingly press the push rod to the right in Figurel. This push rod travels in a. guide II'I and whenpushed to the right,its end is adapted to engage a latch recess H8 in the stem I I9 of theexhaust valve I2@ of the steam engine cylinder. When there is nopressure in the chamber 9|,ythe spring III!) holds the-piston |06seated. Thespring III, holds-the lever IIB, against the piston X.and thespring I I6, yieldingly urges the push rod II'I, against the valve stem.As soon as the valve stem in its travel, driven by the valve mechanismdescends far enough, the push rod engages the latch notch I I 8 andthereafter the exhaust valve is held off its seat independent of theoperation of the cams, valve rods, lever arms and spring making up thevalve actuating mechanism. Thisfsituation prevails until the pressure inchamber 9i, reaches a point sufficient to overcome the. springs |09, Ill, at which time the push rod is withdrawn, and the exhaust valveresumes its functioning.

I I9 are the spark, plugs. The rest of the elecv trical system is notillustrated as it forms no I I2Il is the steam It may exhaust directlyinto the air part of my present invention. exhaust.

or into a condenser as the case may be.

of the internal. combustion engine cylindersand the temperature at whichthe mass of vwater in the system remains willbe controlled .by theradiator. This `part of the system. also is the part to which make-upwater is added. y

Above the direct circulation part of the system is an intermediatereservoir associatedl with warmer portions of the internal combustioncylinders'andfrom the upper and so warmest part'oy this reservoir isperiodically withdrawnthe water which is to bei'vaporized toviurnishstearn forv power in the steam engine cylinders. The pump -whichwithdraws rthis Water is arsingle acting pump so arranged that its pumppiston' excursion is constantv and that its speed'of rotation bears adirect and permanent relationship to the rate of rotation of the'engnecrank shaft, which crank shaftvv is driven both by the internalcombustion and by the steam cylinders. water drawn vinto the pump isdischarged therefrom into a series of passages and chambers circulatingaround the upper andhottest part of the cylinder itself, thencirculating through the engine' cylinder head, which is divided into twoseparate chambers with aplurality of heating coils associated with thesetwo chambers, these coils being located in but out of contact with theWalls of the piston cylinders so that all sides of jthese coils areexposed directly to the heat of combustion in the engine cylinder. Thesecoils tend to prevent or minimize detonation because being entirelyexposed to the Vtemperature in the internal combustion engine cylinder,they serve much the same purpose as the direction injection of waterwhich is so common in the engine especially designed to burn theheavierfuels.

The vapor or steam passing from the cylinder head chamber at last passesthrough the superheater coils in the exhaust manifold where the presenceof thesey coils tends to cool the exhaust thereby preheating the steamand at the same time decreasing the temperature of the exhaust gases soas to decrease the pressure in the exhaust manifold. From these coilsthe steam returns to a steam chest or chamber surrounding the steamcylinder 'from which it goes to the ported balanced cylindrical'intakevalve, spent steam being discharged through the poppet type .dischargevalve.

Normally an engine such as this will be started cold `as an internalcombustion engine, and will `idlewithout doing work until thetemperature in the `system reaches a point vat which steam can begenerated. During this time no water will be injected because thebellows type thermostat valve being directlyexposed to the vaporizingchamber will not be heated sufiiciently to vovercome the spring pressureand open the valvevuntil temperature high enough to generate steam hasbeen reached. Meanwhile the pump piston reciprocates butlsince` the pumpintake is closed, there will be no feed of water.

Because there is no pressure in the steam chest associated with thesteam clyinder, the automatic spring controlled exhaust valve lock outwill go into operation. The plunger will catch the exhaustvvalve andlock it open'ancl so the wide open exhaust valve will prevent thegeneration of pressure in the steam cylinder and will permit thesteampiston or pistons to reciprocate without material resistance.

This situation prevails until rst the temperature in the vaporizingsystem is high enough to generate steam. When this happens 'thethermostat will overcome the spring, opening the The preheated 4throughthe steam engineexhaust.

` carry its share ofthe load. Of course, prior to the time when theexhaust valve lock out is released, the steam intake valve will continueto function lbut until there is enough steam available to assist thesteam engine in carrying. the load, the locked open exhaust valve willpermit such steam to escape freely into the atmosphere similar lockoutcould be associated with the steam distribution valve so that the steamvports Would be maintained closed until pressure had reached apredetermined point thoughunder ordinary circumstances however this is arefinement which would not be necessary.

There is no throttle control for the steam. All that the operator doesis to control the engine speed by manipulating the usual throttle tocontrol the internal combustion engine cylinders onlyi The result ofthisis that in order to take care of maximum load the steam capacity ofthe system will be set at a maximum and so in order to prevent too greatpressure, an additional control for the water intake is provided. Whenthe pressure in the steam chest resulting froml an excess of watersupply reaches a predetermined point, that pressure will overcome thespring, close the pressure controlled intake control to the pump andhold it closed until the pressure has come down to the minimum when thevalve will open again and permit more Water to ybe pumped and steamgenerated. This arrangement is satisfactory because as theamount ofWater fed is cut ofi, the temperature of the walls of the vaporizingchambers will increase so that as soon as more Water is added, these hotsurfaces will be able to take care of the sudden influx of water, thusmaintaining a condition of substantial equilibrium.

The operator control of the internal combustion engine cycle is suicientto control adequately the entire apparatus because controlling theinternal combustion cycle controls not only the power generated byinternal combustion part of the engine but also the heat generated andso made available to vaporize steam for the steam engine side.

'Ihe steam engine is single acting and the electrical part of theinternal combustionpengine system is not illustrated except for thespark plugs because it is normal yand conventional. The stem enginemight exhaust into a condenser or into the open air as the case may be.The details of the supply of water form no part `of the presentinvention and are not illustrated.

The internal combustion engine cylinders might Work on the Otto cycle.They might 'Work on two cycle and they might be two or four cycle Dieselengines as the case may be. I have illustrated them for the purpose ofconvenience and simplicity as Working on the Otto cycle with sparkignition.

I claim:

l. In an engine, an internal combustion cylinder and a steam cylinder,`a vaporizing chamber If desired, a n

formedwithinthe Walls of the internalcombustion cylinder and means forsupplying water` thereto to generate steam, intake and exhaust rvalvesyfor the steam cylinder, and means for conveying steam underpressure from the vaporizing chamber to the intake valve, automatictemperature responsive means for preventing the supply of Water to thevaporizing chamber Whilejhe temperaturev therein is below aypredetermined.-

point and automatic pressure responsivemeans for preventing the supplyof Water to the vaporl izing chamber while the pressure.v therein.yexceeds a predetermined point. Y

2. In an engine, an internal combustion cylinder and a steam cylinder, avaporizing chamber formed within the walls of theinternal combustioncylinder and means for supplying water' thereto to generate steam,intake and exhaust valves for the steam cylinder, and means for`conveying steam under pressure from thevapor# izing chamber to theintake valve, automatic temperature .responsive means for preventing,lthevv` supply of Water to the vaporizing chamber While the temperaturetherein is below a predetermined. point and automatic pressureresponsive means for preventing the supply of water to the vaporizingchamber While the pressuretherein exceeds a predetermined point andmeans forj holdingvthe exhaust valve open during such time as steam isnot supplied to the intake valve. i

3. In an engine, ari-internal combustion cylinder and a steam cylinder,a vaporizing chamber formed Within the walls of the internal combustioncylinder and means for' supplying water thereto to generate steam,intake and exhaust 35` valves for the steam cylinder, and means for conyveying steam under pressure from' thevaporizing chamber to the intakevalve, automatic temperature responsive means for preventing the supplyv of water to the vaporizing chamber while 'the point and means forholding the exhaust valve open during such time as steam is not suppliedto the intake valve. r r

4. In an engine, an internal combustion cylinder and a steam cylinder, avaporizing chamber formed within the walls of the internal combusi tioncylinder and means for supplying water thereto to generate steam, intakeand exhaust valves for the steam cylinder, and means forcen--v veyingsteam under pressure lfrom the veporizingvk chamber to the intake valve,automatic pressure ltemperature therein is below a predeterminedresponsive means for preventing thesupplyof water to the vaporizingchamber while the preissure therein exceeds a predetermined point, and

means for holding the exhaust valve open during such time as steam isnot supplied to the intake valve.

6. In an engine, an internal combustion cylinder and a steam cylinder, ahousing for them;

forming with them a heating reservoir, a radiator and. means forcirculating` water through lsaid reservoir and radiator to maintain thetemperature in the reservoir below the boiling point, a

vaporizing chamber formed in the housing associated with the internalcombustion engine cylinder, a pump adapted to draw water from thehottest portion of the reservoir and force it into the vaporizingchamber to generate steam and means for distributing such steam to andthrough the steam cylinder. y

7. In an engine, an internal combustion cylinder and a steam cylinder, ahousing forlthem forming with them a heating reservoir, a radiator andmeans for circulating water through said reservoir and radiator tomaintain the temperature in the reservoir below the boilingpoint, avaporizing chamber formed in the housing associated with the internalcombustion engine cylinder, a pump adapted to draw water from thereservoir and force it into the vaporizing charnber to generate steamand means for distributing l such steam to and through the steamcylinder, means for preventing the supply of water to the vaporizingchamber while the temperature therein is below a predetermined point.

8. In an engine, an internal combustion cylinder and a steam cylinder,ahousing for them forming with them a heating reservoir, a radiator andmeans for circulatingr water through said reservoir and radiator tomaintain the temperature in the reservoir below theboiling point, avaporizing chamber formed in the housing associated with the internalcombustion engine cylinder, a pump adapted to draw water from thereservoir and force it into the vaporizing chamber to generate steam andmeans for distributing such steam to and through the steam cylinder,means for preventing the supply of 1wa'ter to the vaporizing chamberwhile the temperature therein is below a predetermined point, and meansfor preventing the supply of water to the vaporizing chamber While thepressure therein exceeds a predetermined point.

9. In an engine, an internal combustion cylinder and a steam cylinder, ahousing for themv forming with them a heating reservoir, a radiator andmeans kfor circulating water through said reservoir and radiator tomaintain the temperature in the reservoir below the boiling point, a

vaporizing chamber formed in the housing 'as-r sociated with theinternal combustion engine for holding the exhaust valve open duringsuch time as steam is not supplied to the intake valve.

10. In an engine, an internal combustion cylinder and steam cylinder, ahousing for them forming with them a heating reservoir, a radiator anderate steam and means for distributing such steam to and through thesteam cylinder, means for preventing the supply of water to theVaporizing chamber while the pressure therein exceeds a predeterminedpoint.

11. In an engine, an internal combustion cylinder and a steam cylinderhaving an intake and an exhaust valve, a housing for them forming withthem a heating reservoir, a radiator andv means for circulating waterthrough said reservoir and radiatorto maintain the temperature in thereservoir below` the boiling point, a vaporizing chamber formed in thehousing associated with the internal combustion engine cylinder, a pump`adapted to draw water from the reservoir and force it into thevaporizing chamber to generate steam and means for distributing suchsteam to n and through the steam cylinder, and exhaust ,valve and meansfor holding said exhaust valve open during such time as steam is notsupplied y,

to the intake Valve.

l2.v In an angine, an internal combustion cylinder and la-'steamcylinder having an intake and an exhaustfvalve, a housing for themforming with them a heating reservoir, a radiator and means forcirculating water through said reservoir and radiator to maintain thetemperature in the reservoir below the boiling point, a vaporizingchamber formed in the housing associated with the ined to draw waterfrom thereservoir and iorcel it into the Vaporizing chamber to generate`steam yand means for distributing such steam to and through the steamcylinder, means for preventing the supply of Water to the vaporizingchamber while the pressure therein exceeds a predetermined point, anexhaust valve and means for holding said exhaust valve open during suchtime as steam is not supplied to the intake valve.

f 13. In an engine, steamand internal combustion cylinders, pistonsreciprocably mounted in` each, a crankshaft and connecting rods betweeneach piston and the crank shaft, vaporizing passages associated with theinternal combustion engine cylinders and adapted to be subjected to theheat of combustion, a pump driven in timed relation with the crank shaftfor injecting measured quantities lof water into the vaporizingpassages, a valve on theintake side of the pump and yielding means fornormally maintaining it openL to permit supply of water to the pump, apressure connection between the vaporizing passage and the valve wherebyincrease of steam pressure beyond a predetermined point overcomes thevalve springs and seats the valve.

DONALD J. CAMPBELL.

ternal combustion engine cylinder, a pump adapti

